Inspired by Lieber’s creativity and drive to pursue new ideas, Yang chose to pause his nanowire research for his postdoctoral fellowship and spend some time in a completely unrelated field. The pair was granted a patent for metal oxide nanorods in 1999 ( 2), and by the time Yang graduated from Harvard, he and Lieber had successfully grown junctions between silicon nanowires and carbon nanotubes ( 3). Yang and Lieber began by growing nanowires of magnesium oxide inside copper oxide superconductors ( 1) to enhance the critical current densities of the superconductors. In electron microscope images, nanowires made from various materials, including silicon, oxides, and nitrides, look variously like needles, strands of hair, or shag carpets. Nanowires are typically between 1 and 100 nanometers in diameter, 1,000 times smaller than a human hair. Yang and Lieber’s work helped launch a new field of nanoscience as other groups also experimented with nanowires, nanorods, and nanowhiskers. “The moment you make the semiconductor into this filament,” Yang says, “their chemical properties and physical properties change.
If carbon atoms can form such structures, they mused, what about other elements on the periodic table? Their experiments led to the development of semiconductor nanowires. Many of Lieber’s students were working on buckminsterfullerene (60-carbon spheres) and carbon nanotubes, both structures made from one-atom-thick sheets of carbon. At the time, in 1993, Lieber was studying high-temperature superconductors, but that line of research was winding down in favor of the emerging field of nanochemistry. Yang chose Harvard University, in part because Charles Lieber, a chemist who would become Yang’s graduate advisor, was a member of the faculty. Ironically, the first to reject his application was the University of California, Berkeley, although six schools eventually offered him admission. Yang applied to dozens of graduate schools in the United States. “You can mix compounds and make new crystals and new compositions and get a higher transition temperature for the superconductor state.” His years in Qian’s laboratory set the course for Yang’s own research program in solid-state chemistry and materials engineering that continues today. “I was fascinated with the solid-state materials chemistry of these high-T superconductors,” Yang says. Praised by his teachers for his scores, Yang chose chemistry as a major when, in 1988, he entered the University of Science and Technology of China in Hefei, 200 miles from Suzhou.Īs a second-year undergraduate, Yang joined the laboratory of Yitai Qian, who studied high-temperature superconductors. In a secondary education system that Yang describes as examination-heavy, he excelled in chemistry and mathematics. The child of a doctor and a teacher, Yang and his two older siblings were raised in a culture that placed high value on education.
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